From your income, debts and savings: maximum monthly payment, maximum loan and the home price you can afford.
Lenders usually cap the payments on all your debts at around 30–40% of your take-home pay, and they lend up to a percentage of the property’s value (often 80–90%). The rest, plus buying costs, comes from your savings.
So the limit can come from your income or from your savings. The calculator tells you which one is holding you back.
Max payment = income × ratio − other debts Max price = min( (max loan + savings) / (1 + costs), savings / (1 + costs − LTV) )
Many start from an income multiple, typically 4 to 4.5 times gross annual income, and then check affordability against your outgoings.
Taxes (such as stamp duty or transfer tax), notary or solicitor fees, valuation and registration. They vary a lot by country: from about 2% to over 10% of the price.